| The Mound Builders of Burlington Wisconsin By Mary Sutherland Copyright 2004 Contact Us "Mop-up operations are what engage most scientists throughout their careers. This paradigm-based research is "an attempt to force nature into the pre-formed and relatively inflexible box that the paradigm supplies. No effort is made to call forth new sorts of phenomena, no effort to discover anomalies. When anomalies pop up, they are usually discarded or ignored. Anomalies are usually not even noticed and no effort is made to invent a new theory - and theres no tolerance for those who try." The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by Thomas S. Kuhn Old Copper Culture in America Yuri Kuchinsky ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR TRANS-ATLANTIC CULTURAL SIMILARITIES STARTING CA 4500 BC AND UP TO 700 BC According to historian Alice Kehoe of Marquette University, travellers using the Irminger Current past Iceland and Greenland helped carry trade and cultures both ways across the North Atlantic . The impact from this trade was quickly felt all over the St. Lawrence River valley and down the American East Coast Around 4500 BC a new culture known as the "Late Archaic" emerged "suddenly," with no discernable predecessor. All its traits, including gorges, adzes, plummets, ground slate points and knives, barbed bone harpoons and peculiar chipped stone projectile points, occur in northwestern Europe at an earlier date (Kehoe, 286). Dolmens Distinctive "dolmens" (multi-ton boulders balanced precisely on three smaller stones) were constructed on both sides of the Atlantic. It should not be considered mere coincidence that these enormous and distinctive structures "just happen" to be invented on two different continents at exactly the same time, especially in the one part of America most accessible to the Megalith builders of Europe. After 3500 BC, at the height of Megalithic influence from Europe, the first small burial mounds began to appear on the American East Coast in imitation of the Berber practice (Fagan, 361). The "Old Copper Culture" appears in N America, around Lake Superior, not long after 3000 BC. A vast range of copper tools suddenly appear in the archaeological record with no antecedent. An incredible amount of copper artifacts, tens of thousands in eastern Wisconsin alone, attest to a use of the metal. The mines these Berbers established yielded mind-boggling amounts of copper an estimated 500,000 tons! The Berbers who settled in North America left records of their first appearance; sculptured stones north of Lake Superior closely resemble those found in the Berber-speaking Canary Islands. The resemblance is so obvious that some scholars have suggested that the Canary Islanders originated in America. Old Copper Culture and Red Ochre Cultures After around 1500 BC the cultures of Western Europe were disrupted by Celtic invasions, causing a great migration to North America. It is at this point in time in the archaeological record, Berber cultural traits appear suddenly and mysteriously all across the eastern United States and in the Caribbean. North African bent-stick and split-stick hafting techniques for grooved stone axes, for example, spread throughout the region. Agriculture, pottery.... and earthen mounds. In Central America, pottery dating from this period is virtually identical to that being produced by North African Berbers (Kennedy 1971, 270f). All over the northeastern part of North America, the dominant "Vinette 2" style of pottery shows clear Iberian Beaker influence (Kehoe, 290f). At the same time, The Old Copper Berbers in southeastern Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois and Indiana begin to employ the use of red ochre in their burial rites in large quantities. Archaeologists often refer to this stage of Berber development as a "Red Ochre Culture"). But it is important to note that the Old Copper and Red Ochre "cultures" were in truth a single entity. This use of red ochre in burial rites is, needless to say, a well-known feature of Berber culture (Camps 1974, .. Berber inscriptions are found on the Cape Verde Islands, far out in the Atlantic (Mercer, 64), while Berber potters brought their techniques to Central America. Pottery from El Salvador, dated to around 1500 BC, is virtually identical to Berber pottery of the same period found in Morocco, near the Canary Islands (Kennedy 1971, 270f). After 1100 BC the Urnfield Celts invaded Spain and began eradicating the last Beaker civilization. Without a doubt, this disrupted what was left of the Beaker trade with the New World, and at roughly the same time, "for reasons not yet understood," the Isle Royale copper mines were abandoned and there occurred in the New World a notable decline in the use of copper to manufacture everyday tools (Bailey, 23; WA 67:227). .. The chronological "coincidences" are too much for chance. In both Europe and the New World, at the very same time, Megalithic cultures arise around 4500 BC; then on both continents, at the very same time, copper-using Beaker-inspired cultures arise in 3000 BC. Next, the Beaker Groups flee from conquest in 1500 BC, and their Beaker cultural traits begin to be widespread in North America; finally in both Europe and the New World, at the very same time, Beaker-derived cultures collapse in 700 BC. Gunnar Thompson writes in his AMERICAN DISCOVERY, Seattle, 1994, on p. 148, "Recent assays reveal that some of the copper artefacts found in N American burial mounds were made from zinc-copper alloys used in the Mediterranean . Ancient metal crafters added zinc to harden copper into a bronze alloy. The shapes of the copper tools found in American archaeological sites are identical to those of the ancient Mediterranean, including chisels, dagger blades, wedges, hoes, scythes, axes and spear points. These tools often have specific modifications, including the use of rivets, spines and sockets, all of which were characteristic of Mediterranean tools." And he includes an illustration on p. 149 portraying side by side copper tools from America and from the Mediterranean, including the above mentioned chisels, dagger blades, wedges, hoes, scythes, axes and spear points, and also adzes, chisels, draw knifes, spuds, sleeves, barbs, stems, and decorative pins. Attributions for these drawings are provided. The tools on both sides of the Atlantic look remarkably similar. Wisconsin Earthen Mounds There were more mounds in Wisconsin than in any other region of North America. At one time, Wisconsin had between 15,000 and 20,000 mounds. Now only approximately 4,000 remain and with the amount of highway and new home construction going on the remaining mounds are being drastically reduced. The effigy mounds in Wisconsin were sometimes over a thousand feet long, and were found in the forms of birds, dogs, snakes, bears, panthers, buffalo, men, fish, turtles and --- the elephant and horse. Portals to the Underworld In Celtic mythology, the ancient mounds or sidhe were portals to the other world, accessed by astral flight or perhaps - in the case of TIME TRAVEL ..actual travel within an electromagnetic field where the ley lines converge creating powerful vortices. According to Greek mythology. ‘After the war between the Titans and Olympians, Hades and his two brothers decided to divide the universe between them. Zeus received the sky , Poseidon became lord of the sea and Hades rbecame the ruler of the Underworld. The mound builders placed monoliths, dolmens and henges (gateways) at locations that form interlocking grids. By connecting the mound sites on a map, a pattern develops revealing geometric patterns in the shape of five pointed stars . (See five pointed star on helmet of 'time traveler known to us as Green Man ' ) They also seem to map out star constellations . Harmonics Chambered mounds, comprised of alternating rock (inorganic) and soil, (organic) are ‘orgone’ accumulators and concentrate energy, some emit sound waves, while others blank them out. These frequencies may have a positive effect on the bio-rhythms of someone within the chamber or enhance altered states of consciousness. “The key energy meridians, were employed by ancient priest-scientists as a musical system to stabilize the tectonic plates of the planet...” From the mother earth "the way of the Word" or "the power of the Word", the ancient priests used the language of Light to tune the planet like a giant harmonic bell.” Nikola Tesla stated, "All matter comes from a primary substance, the luminiferous ether." He sensed the universe was composed of a symphony of alternating currents with the harmonies played on a vast range of octaves. To explore the whole range of electrical vibration , he believed, would bring one closer to an understanding of the cosmic symphony. The bible gives us a clue to Tesla’s theory in Genesis , ‘In the beginning was the ‘Word’. Sages are very aware of the cosmic symphony and meditate on the universal sound. Inner Earth and the Tuatha De Danaan When the Tuatha De Dannan were defeated by the Gaels and exiled beneath the mounds the Good God, the Daghda, assigned each one a sidhe. These sidhe, barrows or hillocks, were each a doorway to an underground realm of inexhaustible splendour and delight. The ‘front door’ to Avalon, appears to be Glastonbury Tor. Beneath lay fairy palaces and Dagda's was Brugh na Boyne, (Newgrange) Llyr was given, sidh Fionnachaidh, Bodb Derg received Sidh Bodb, south of Galway and so on, the spots are still known to the Irish. It was from this time that the Gaelic gods received the name Aes Sidhe, the 'People of the Hills' every god, or fairy is a Fer-Sidhe, a 'man of the hill,' and every goddess a Bean-Sidhe, a 'woman of the hills.' Admiral Richard E. Byrd, famous for his legendary flight to the ‘land beyond the poles’, claimed that the higher beings (Arianni) reside in the Inner-Earth and are capable of interstellar flight and must be in communication with others of their kind on hollow planets in the solar system. He believed that the ones we now call ‘gods’, the ancient ones, are in fact the highly technically advanced and civilized race living within our earth today. An Extinct Race History of Wisconsin, by C.W. Butterfield, Wisconsin Antiquities Copyright 1879 , The Western Historical Company, Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington D.C. “The first explorers of the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and its tributaries seem not to have noticed, to any considerable extent, the existence within these vast areas of monuments of an ‘extinct’ race. Gradually, however, as the tide of emigration broke through the barriers of the Alleghanies and spread in a widely extended flow over what are now the states of the Northwest, these prehistoric vestiges attracted more and more the attention of the curious and the learned, until, at the present time, almost every person is presumed to have some general knowledge, not only of their existence, but of some of their striking peculiarities. Unfortunately, these signs of a long since departed people are fast disappearing by the never ceasing operations of the elements, and the constant encroachments of civilization. The earliest notices of the animal and vegetable kingdom of this region are to be found in its rocks; but Wisconsin’s earliest records of men can only be traced in here and there a crumbing earth-work, in the fragment of a skeleton, or in a few stone and copper implements - dim and shadowy relics of their handicraft. The ancient dwellers in these valleys, whose history is lost in the lapse of ages, are designated, usually, as the MOUND BUILDERS; not that building mounds was probably their distinctive employment, but that such artificial elevations of the earth are, to a great extent, the only evidences remaining of their actually occupation of the country. As to the origin of these people, all knowledge must, possibly, continue to rest upon conjecture alone. Nor were the habitations of this race confined to the territory of which Wisconsin now forms a part. At one time, they must have been located in many ulterior regions. The earth-works , tumuli, or ‘mounds’, as they are generally designated, are usually symmetrically raised and often inclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and the circle, with long lines of circumvallation. Besides these earth-works, there are pits dug in the solid rock; rubbish heaps formed in the prosecution of mining operations; and a variety of implements and utensils, wrought in copper or stone, or molded in clay. Whence came the inhabitants who left these evidences to succeeding generations? In other words, who were the Mound Builders? Did they migrate from the Old World, or is their origin to be sought for elsewhere? And as to their manners and customs and civilizations - what of these things? Was the race finally swept from the New World to give place to the Red men, or was it the one from which the latter descended? These momentous questions are left for the ethnologist, the archeologist and the antiquarian of the future to answer - if they can. In closures and mounds of the prehistoric people, it is generally believed, constituted but parts of one system; the former being , in the main, intended for purposes of defense or religion; the latter, for sacrifice, for temple sites, for burial places, or for observatories. In selecting sites for many of these earth-works, the Mound Builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities of the West are founded on the ruins of pre-existing structures. River terraces and river bottoms seem to have been the favorite places for these earth works. In such localities the natural advantages of the country could be made available with much less trouble than in portions of the country lying at a distance from water courses. In Wisconsin, therefore, as in other parts, the same general idea of selecting points contiguous to the principal natural thoroughfares is found to have prevailed with the Mound Builders; for their works are seen in the basin of the Fox River of the Illinois, in that of Rock River and its branches, in the valley of Fox River of Green Bay , in that of Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi. While a few circumvallations and immense mounds, such as are common to certain other portions of the United States, are discoverable in Wisconsin, yet by far the largest number of earthworks have one peculiarity not observable, except in a few instances, outside the State. This characteristic is a very striking one. The fact is revealed that they are imitative in form - under the general name of ‘animal mounds’ although some are in the similitude of trees, some of war clubs, others of tobacco pipes. Generally, these figures are in groups, though sometimes they are seen alone. For what purpose these earth works were heaped up - they rise above the surface two, four and sometimes six feet - or what particular uses they were intended to subserve, is unknown. It is, however, safe to affirm that they had some significance. A number resemble the bear; a few, the buffalo; others, the raccoon. Lizards, turtles and even tadpoles, are outlined in the forms of some. The war eagle, and the war club has each its representative. All this, of course, could not have been a mere happening - the work of chance. The sizes of these mounds are as various as their forms. One near Cassville, in Grant County, very complete in its representation of an animal, supposed to be of the elephant species, was found, upon measurement, to have a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Another in Sauk County, quite perfect in its resemblance to the form of a man, was of equal length, a veritable colossus; prone, it is true, and soon to disappear, if it has not already been destroyed, by ravages of a superior civilization. In portions of Wisconsin, as well as in a few places outside the State, are found earth works of another kind, but quite as remarkable as the ‘animal mounds’ which, for their supposed use, have been styled ‘garden beds.’ They are ridges, or beds, about six inches in height and four feet in width, ranged, with much apparent method, in parallel rows, sometimes rectangular in shape, sometimes of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and occupying fields of tent to a hundred acres. The Mound Builders have left many relics, besides their earthworks, to attest their presence in Wisconsin in the ages past. Scattered widely are found stone and copper axes, spear-heads, and arrow-heads, also various other implements - evidently their handiwork. As these articles are frequently discovered many feet beneath the surface, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. Whether they had the skill to mold their copper implements is doubtful. Such as plainly show the work of hammering, indicate an art beyond that possessed by the Red men who peopled America upon its first discovery by the Europeans. In a few instances, fragments of human skulls have been found so well preserved as to enable a comparison to be drawn between the crania of the ancient race and those of modern ones; the results, however, of these comparisons throw little, if any, light upon ‘the dark backward and abysm’ of mound building times. The evidences of an extinct people of superior intelligence is very strikingly exhibited in the ancient copper mines of the Lake Superior region. Here are to be found excavations in the solid rock; heaps of rubble and dirt; copper utensils fashioned into knives, chisels, and spear and arrow-heads; stone hammers; wooden bowls and shovels; props and levers for raising and supporting the mass copper; and ladders for ascending and descending the pits. These mines were probably worked by people not only inhabiting what is now the State of Wisconsin, but found in many places, even as far away as the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico, wrought into various implements and utensils. But there are no traces in Wisconsin of a ‘copper age’ succeeding a ‘stone age’, discernable in any prehistoric relics. They all refer alike to one age - the indefinite past; to one people - the Mound Builders. “ The Menomonie Indian tradition also speaks of fair skinned mariners who had come in the past to “dig out the shiny bones” of the Earth Mother. Wisconsin author and editor-in-chief of Ancient American Magazine , Frank Joseph, in his book, Survivors of Atlantis proposes that these people were Atlanteans, which would fit with my theory..if you take into consideration that these same Atlanteans were the ones that brought the technology and knowledge to the Egyptians. In Survivors of Atlantis Frank Joseph provides an in-depth study of the Atlantean war and the intimate connections it had with the last of four great cosmic catastrophes generated by the cyclical return of a comet and its debris. This quartet of natural disasters was followed by mass migrations recorded in the histories of such diverse peoples as the Incas of Peru, the Celtic Irish, the Classical Greeks, and the Aztecs of Mexico. These cosmic catastrophes could be the reason for the underground tunnels and cities that are found around the world. It only makes sense to me that to protect ourselves from these type of disasters, going underground would be the logical measures taken for safety. CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE |
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| The Burlington Mound Builders Mary Sutherland Copyright 2004 532 N. Pine Street 262-767-1116 bsutherland@wi.rr.com |
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| SUGGESTED READING AMERICA BEFORE THE EUROPEANS SCIENCE DAILY |
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