| Symmes Hollow Earth Explorer " It would not be a European scientist who first brought international attention to the idea of a world within the earth. That distinction would go instead to a hot tempered American, a career soldier and man of action from the state of New Jersey. The son of a judge, John Cleeves Symmes was born in 1780 and named for an uncle who had served in the American Revolution. His was hardly the cloistered life of a scholar, although he enjoyed a solid early education and was intensely interested in the natural sciences. In 1802, at the age of twenty-two, he entered the United States Army as an ensign. >From then on, Symmes life was nomadic and turbulent. In 1807, he insisted on fighting a duel with a fellow officer who had suggested that Symmes was not a gentleman. Both men were shot-Symmes in the wrist and his opponent in the thigh-and suffered from their wounds for the rest of their lives, during which they became good friends. Symmes fought courageously against the British in the war of 1812, once leading his troops in storming a British artillery battery and spiking an enemy cannon with his own hands. Symmes left the army in 1816 and established a trading post at St. Louis. There, with little else on his hands to do, he indulged in his lifelong passion for reading about the natural sciences. Symmes was especially fascinated by speculation about the information of the earth, and he began to elaborate with growing enthusiasts and conviction on a theory that may have occurred to him years before. By the year 1818 Symmes was ready to share his ideas on an international lecture. He did so in a most spectacular manner. In a letter addressed "To All the World" and sent politicians, publications, learned societies, and heads of state throughout Europe and America, he wrote: "I declare the earth is hollow, and inhabital within; containing a number of solid concentric spheres, one within the other, and that it is open at the poles or 16 degrees; I pledge my life, he continued, "in support of this truth, and am ready to explore the hollow, if the world will support and aid me in the undertaking." Symmes assured his readers that he would prove his case in greater detail with a subsequent publication. For skeptics, he included a character reference and a testimonial to his sanity signed by local physicians and businessman. That Symmes asked for "one hundred brave men companions, well equipped, to start from Siberia in the fall season, with reindeer, and sleighs, on the ice of the frozen sea; I engage we find warm and rich land, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals if not men, on reaching one degree northward of latitude 82; we will return in the succeeding spring." But instead of the support and aid Symmes had requested, the public responded with hoots of derisive laughter. He told his theory, and his audacity were ridiculed in newspapers and scientific journals the world over. Undeterred, Symmes launched a vigorous campaign newspaper articles, more open letters, and countless lectures around the country. Over and over her argued that a mass of spinning, unformed matter-such as the earth once was-could not have organized itself into a solid sphere. Centrifugal force throws rotating matter away from the axis of rotation; gravity pulls it inward. When the forces balance, he said, the result is a belt of material with the densest matter outermost and the axis open. In this way, Symmes claimed, the materials of the earth were organized as concentric, hollow spheres open at the poles. Symmes marshaled all kinds of evidence, from the astronomical to the common place, to support his scheme. Look at the concentric rings of Saturn, the polar caps of Mars, he said; look how a cup of said, rotated, will sort itself into concentric circles according to its density. He appealed to religion: Nature, he pointed out, was a great economist of matter, having opted wherever feasible for hollow construction-hollow bones, stalks, quills and hairs. Furthermore, he said, God would not have created a vast inner world only to have it barren and empty. Some how Symmes reasoned from the general to the particular and developed specific dimensions for the multiple earths he envisioned. The known world, the outermost of five, he said, has an opening 4,000 miles across at the north pole and another, 6,000 miles in diameter, at the South. One could walk into these openings, for they are inclined into the earth's thousand-mile-thick crust at a gentle angle. Anyone who did so would find within a gentle, sheltered land warmed by the indirect rays of the sun shining in at the polar portholes. Symmes spoke relentlessly to all who would listen to him, poring out great, disorganized jumbles of his thought. His fervent speeches drew large crowds of the curious but, for the most part, elicited only amusement or mild interest instead of cash for his arctic expedition. He did make a few converts, however-among whom the most significant were an Ohio newspaper editor named Jeremiah N. Reynolds, who began giving his own lectures in support of Symmes's theories, and a wealthy Ohioan named James McBride. It may well have been McBride who requested Kentucky Senator Richard M. Johnson-who later served as vice president in the administration of Martin Van Buren-to introduce in Congress a petition for funding the proposed expedition. It was tabled. McBride then compiled a book summarizing, in a more concise and logical fashion than Symmes ever did, the theory of concentric spheres (which was more popularly and rudely referred to as Theory of Symmes's Hole). But it was all for nothing. The strain of ten years of vigorous proselytizing broke Symmes's health, and he died in 1829 without seeing his theory accepted or his expedition mounted. Symmes had clearly hoped that his quest would bring him monumental renown. Indeed using the pen name of Captain Adam Seaborn, he published in 1820 a fictional account of a voyage to the earth's interior, entitled Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery, in which he spelled out the class of glory he hoped would be his. As Captain Seaborn prepares to land at a subterranean utopia peopled with gentle, fair skin beings, he muses: "I was about to secure to my name a conspicuous and imperishable place on the tablets of History, and a niche of the first order in the temple of fame....The voyage of Columbus was but an excursion on a fish pond, and his discoveries, compared with mine, were but trifles." That of course was not the way the world saw it, and after his death Symmes's vision of a hollow earth was nearly forgotten. The polar expedition he had so long espoused, however was another matter. In fact, Congress authorized such a voyage in 1828, the year before Symmes died. This was impart the result of vigorous lobbying by Jeremiah Reynolds, who instead of appealing to scientific curiosity stressed the trade to be opened and territory to be claimed. The idea gained support of president John Quincy Adams but not of Andrew Jackson, who succeeded Adams as president in 1829. The expedition would not sail for another decade. Meanwhile, the impatient Reynolds joined a sealing and exploring expedition to the South Seas aboard the Annawan. (A magazine story that he wrote on his return-Mocha Dick, or The White Whale of the Pacific-may have been the inspiration for Herman Melville's masterpiece Moby Dick, published twelve years later.) On his return, Renewed earlier calls to sealers and whalers to add their voices to the clamor for an expedition, now proposed to Antarctica. In an 1836 speech given in the U.S. Capitol's Hall of Representatives, Reynold's conjured a stirring vision of American ships casting anchor at the South Pole-"that point where all the meridians terminate where our eagle and star spangled banner may be unfurled and planted, and left to wave our axis of the earth itself!" If he still believed in Symmes held that point, Reynolds kept it to himself. Swayed by such patriotic fervor appeals to the whalers and other commercial interests. Congress then approved the expedition and provided $300,000.00 for it. However, two years dragged by before it actually departed. By that time, the impassioned Reynolds had so roundly denounced the Secretary of Navy for dawdling that Reynolds's be immediately struck from the expedition roster when the ship finally sailed in 1838. Named for its commander, Navy Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, the four-year Wilkes expedition-the first to team civil engineers and scientists with naval crews-did make important discoveries, but not those that Symmes had so fondly hoped, no charting of a polar opening, the voyagers returned maps of thousands of miles of antarctic coastline, having that this little known landmass is in fact big enough to be the earth's seventh continent. (Photo-In Poe's "MS. Found in a Bottle," a whirlwind drags a ship into the earth through the South Pole) Like Symmes before him, Reynold's found that the tangible rewards for his devotion were slim. An expedition botanist who discovered a new genus of ivy in Samoa on the southward journey named it Reynoldsia in honor of Reynolds's "unflagging zeal." And Reynolds apparently wielded considerable influence over the fevered mind of one of America's greatest authors, Edger Allan Poe. In the short story "MS Found in a Bottle" and his novel The Narrative of Arthur Gorden Pym of Nantucket, Poe describes doomed voyages that end with ships being sucked into a watery abyss at the South Pole-ideas founded on the hollow-earth writings of Reynolds. Although the two probably never met, Poe was calling Reynold's name when he died in a Baltimore hospital in 1849. " Source: allplanets-hollow@yahoogroups.com From: "deandddd" ------------------------------------------------------------ Are Planets Hollow? Why wouldn't they be? Think about their round shapes. It was centrifugal force that sculpted them. That force was greater at the equators, so they all bulge at the equators. Going towards the poles, that force would have progressively diminished, such that the outline of the planets would have gradually inclined inwards until, at the poles, there would have been no curvature. The crust at the poles would be very thin because the centrifugal force at the poles would have been very little; the matter there would have slid down and concentrated itself at equator and reinforced the crust there. As the outer crust cooled, any pent up force within the planet would have most likely expressed itself by blowing out through the axial (polar) points and would have formed openings. ( Our planet has polar openings ) This seems to be what is indicated by the huge, crater-like depressions at the tops of the planets which we can observe. The outer rim or collar of such openings could be a tell-tale sign of such an outburst from the interior which happened long, long ago during the formative stages. What hollow earth proponents are saying is that the same force which sculpted the outer shape of the planet, that centrifugal force, would have had to have opened up a cavity within the planet, too. The force could not have had such a dramatic impact on the exterior shape and curve of the planet, with no cavity opening up at the core. Because the centrigfugal force was not evenly distributed, the interior cavity would have the shape of a football or rugby ball, with the points edging towards the poles. The cavity can't have a liquid interior. If it had, the tidal force exerted by the Moon would have induced the liquid interior to bust through any crust just as soon as such crust could have formed by cooling. And it can't be full of molten lava because the Earth has a magnetic field. The magnetic fields touch the poles and the Earth serves as a conductor to close the circuit. If the inner core of the Earth had the temperatures which the Molten Core Theory stipulates that it does, then any magnetic properties would be lost as heat destroys magnetism. And it doesn't take too much heat- this point is called the Curie Point. So the existence of the Earth's magnetic field indicates that the core is not molten nor hot Source: allplanets-hollow@yahoogroups.com From: "Dean" |
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