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Stephanie
| The "psychic" phenomenon itself is very real and testable, and fits well within the quantum theory framework, in my opinion. The thing is, there is really no such thing as time and space as we commonly understand it. This reality is all an illusion, from a quantum science pov. It's an illusion that we can change, if we wish. Hopefully for the better. Bones |
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OUR 3D UNIVERSE AND OUR WORLD AS A 'BRANE'
Up to this point, people had assumed that gravity - together with
the electromagnetic, strong and weak gauge forces - lives
everywhere in 10-D space-time. However, a new possibility was
brought to light in 1998 by Nima Arkani-Hamed at the Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center in California, Savas Dimopoulos of
Stanford University and Gia Dvali of the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. They asked a rather general
question:
"Could gravity be the only force that is aware of extra dimensions?
And if so, how large could the extra dimensions be?"
Figure 3
If this were the case, the world would look as shown in figure 3.
The electromagnetic, weak and strong forces, as well as all the
matter in the universe, would be trapped on a surface with three
spatial dimensions, like dust particles on soap bubbles. Only
gravitons would be able to leave the surface and move throughout
the full volume. This 3-D surface is known as a "brane" ( a name
derived from membrane, the 2-D equivalent)
If the strong, electromagnetic and weak gauge forces are trapped
on a brane, the answer to how large the "gravity-only" extra
dimensions could be is surprising.
Since we do not see extra dimensions in everyday life, we
naturally assume that they must be tiny. However, our everyday
experiences are prejudiced by electromagnetism, which is
trapped on the brane. Meanwhile, the highest energy particle
accelerators extend our range of sight to include the weak and
strong forces down to small scales, around 10-15 mm. Therefore
- most are blissfully unaware of any extra dimensions.
The only force science can use to probe the gravity-only extra
dimensions is gravity itself - but unfortunately they have almost no
knowledge of gravity at distances less than about a millimetre.
Hence, science has to admit that 1 mm objects could be
gravitating in five or more dimensions.
However, they do know that the strong, weak and
electromagnetic forces cannot be modified at distances larger
than about 10-15 mm which promted the suggestion ,by
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali , that " Forces (such as
us and all other 3d objects) might be trapped on a brane
that has three spatial dimensions large enough to
incorporate the entire visible universe, yet with a a
"thickness" of
- at the most - 10-15 mm in the extra-dimensional world.
The electromagnetic, weak and strong forces seem to be trapped
within the 3-D brane, and are not aware of the extra dimension -
thus maintaining their usual behavior.
Gravity, on the other hand, seems to be aware of the other
dimensions and behaves differently. If we approach a massive
body closer than a distance L, we would feel the effects of a
force law in four spatial dimensions rather than three. In this case,
the gravitons from the massive body are spread over a 4-D
sphere with radius r, the surface area of which grows as r3. We
would then find that the gravitational force follows a 1/r3
law.
Figure 4
However, as we move further away from the body (i.e. r > L) the
usual 1/r2 behaviour is restored. The reason for this is as follows.
Adding a compactified extra dimension is rather like standing
between two mirrors; we see images of ourselves stretching to
infinity. In the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali picture the same
is true, except the images of the original brane are spaced every L
apart and are only "seen" by the gravitational force (see figure 4).
Now consider the gravitational force coming from a massive
body trapped in the brane. If we are much further away than L,
then we are gravitationally attracted by the original body plus all
its mirror images.
When we are at a distance r > L along the brane from the original
body, the gravitons from it and its infinite line of mirror images are
spread out evenly over a 4-D "cylinder" of radius r, and the
gravitational force follows the usual 1/r2 behaviour. However, as a
result of the initial higher-dimensional spreading, the force of
gravity is much weaker than it would otherwise be.
In other words, the only reason the gravitational force appears to be
so weak could be because it is diluted by the extra dimensions.
This aspect of the world-as-a-brane scenario particularly
interested Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali precisely
because it reformulated the question of why gravity is so much
weaker than the other forces (or equivalently, why the Planck
energy of 1019 GeV is so much larger than the energy scale of
weak interactions, around 1000 GeV).
In this picture, Newton's constant is a derived quantity that
depends on the volume of the extra dimensions. When viewed
from the higher-dimensional space, known as the "bulk", there
might be only one fundamental scale. The most radical suggestion
lowers the fundamental scale of gravity to the weak energy scale,
about 1000 GeV. This assumption leads to an estimate for the
size of the extra dimensions in terms of their number, with higher
numbers of extra dimensions implying smaller compactification
scales.
If there is only one extra dimension then it turns out that it must be
larger than the solar system and this possibility can be safely
excluded. Two extra dimensions, on the other hand, give a
compactification scale of roughly 1 mm, which is close to the
current experimental limit. This experimental possibility is one of
the most exciting aspects of the world-as-a-brane picture.
Suddenly, from believing that a theory of quantum gravity would
for ever be beyond the reach of experiments, it seemed as if we
might be able to test the theory in tabletop experiments. Such
experiments might show the usual Newtonian 1/r2 force law
switch to a 1/r4 law, which would characterize two extra
dimensions.
The theoretical constructs necessary for the brane-world picture
mirrored the developments that had been independently taking
place in string theory. One aspect of these developments was the
mathematical discovery that extended objects of various
dimensionalities are integral to string theory. There turned out to
be many well defined examples of such objects, generically called
p-branes, where p is the number of spatial dimensions of the
object. For example, a 0-brane is similar to a normal point-like
particle, a 1-brane is like a string, a 2-brane resembles a
membrane, and so on.
Up to this point, people had assumed that gravity - together with
the electromagnetic, strong and weak gauge forces - lives
everywhere in 10-D space-time. However, a new possibility was
brought to light in 1998 by Nima Arkani-Hamed at the Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center in California, Savas Dimopoulos of
Stanford University and Gia Dvali of the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. They asked a rather general
question:
"Could gravity be the only force that is aware of extra dimensions?
And if so, how large could the extra dimensions be?"
Figure 3
If this were the case, the world would look as shown in figure 3.
The electromagnetic, weak and strong forces, as well as all the
matter in the universe, would be trapped on a surface with three
spatial dimensions, like dust particles on soap bubbles. Only
gravitons would be able to leave the surface and move throughout
the full volume. This 3-D surface is known as a "brane" ( a name
derived from membrane, the 2-D equivalent)
If the strong, electromagnetic and weak gauge forces are trapped
on a brane, the answer to how large the "gravity-only" extra
dimensions could be is surprising.
Since we do not see extra dimensions in everyday life, we
naturally assume that they must be tiny. However, our everyday
experiences are prejudiced by electromagnetism, which is
trapped on the brane. Meanwhile, the highest energy particle
accelerators extend our range of sight to include the weak and
strong forces down to small scales, around 10-15 mm. Therefore
- most are blissfully unaware of any extra dimensions.
The only force science can use to probe the gravity-only extra
dimensions is gravity itself - but unfortunately they have almost no
knowledge of gravity at distances less than about a millimetre.
Hence, science has to admit that 1 mm objects could be
gravitating in five or more dimensions.
However, they do know that the strong, weak and
electromagnetic forces cannot be modified at distances larger
than about 10-15 mm which promted the suggestion ,by
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali , that " Forces (such as
us and all other 3d objects) might be trapped on a brane
that has three spatial dimensions large enough to
incorporate the entire visible universe, yet with a a
"thickness" of
- at the most - 10-15 mm in the extra-dimensional world.
The electromagnetic, weak and strong forces seem to be trapped
within the 3-D brane, and are not aware of the extra dimension -
thus maintaining their usual behavior.
Gravity, on the other hand, seems to be aware of the other
dimensions and behaves differently. If we approach a massive
body closer than a distance L, we would feel the effects of a
force law in four spatial dimensions rather than three. In this case,
the gravitons from the massive body are spread over a 4-D
sphere with radius r, the surface area of which grows as r3. We
would then find that the gravitational force follows a 1/r3
law.
Figure 4
However, as we move further away from the body (i.e. r > L) the
usual 1/r2 behaviour is restored. The reason for this is as follows.
Adding a compactified extra dimension is rather like standing
between two mirrors; we see images of ourselves stretching to
infinity. In the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali picture the same
is true, except the images of the original brane are spaced every L
apart and are only "seen" by the gravitational force (see figure 4).
Now consider the gravitational force coming from a massive
body trapped in the brane. If we are much further away than L,
then we are gravitationally attracted by the original body plus all
its mirror images.
When we are at a distance r > L along the brane from the original
body, the gravitons from it and its infinite line of mirror images are
spread out evenly over a 4-D "cylinder" of radius r, and the
gravitational force follows the usual 1/r2 behaviour. However, as a
result of the initial higher-dimensional spreading, the force of
gravity is much weaker than it would otherwise be.
In other words, the only reason the gravitational force appears to be
so weak could be because it is diluted by the extra dimensions.
This aspect of the world-as-a-brane scenario particularly
interested Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali precisely
because it reformulated the question of why gravity is so much
weaker than the other forces (or equivalently, why the Planck
energy of 1019 GeV is so much larger than the energy scale of
weak interactions, around 1000 GeV).
In this picture, Newton's constant is a derived quantity that
depends on the volume of the extra dimensions. When viewed
from the higher-dimensional space, known as the "bulk", there
might be only one fundamental scale. The most radical suggestion
lowers the fundamental scale of gravity to the weak energy scale,
about 1000 GeV. This assumption leads to an estimate for the
size of the extra dimensions in terms of their number, with higher
numbers of extra dimensions implying smaller compactification
scales.
If there is only one extra dimension then it turns out that it must be
larger than the solar system and this possibility can be safely
excluded. Two extra dimensions, on the other hand, give a
compactification scale of roughly 1 mm, which is close to the
current experimental limit. This experimental possibility is one of
the most exciting aspects of the world-as-a-brane picture.
Suddenly, from believing that a theory of quantum gravity would
for ever be beyond the reach of experiments, it seemed as if we
might be able to test the theory in tabletop experiments. Such
experiments might show the usual Newtonian 1/r2 force law
switch to a 1/r4 law, which would characterize two extra
dimensions.
The theoretical constructs necessary for the brane-world picture
mirrored the developments that had been independently taking
place in string theory. One aspect of these developments was the
mathematical discovery that extended objects of various
dimensionalities are integral to string theory. There turned out to
be many well defined examples of such objects, generically called
p-branes, where p is the number of spatial dimensions of the
object. For example, a 0-brane is similar to a normal point-like
particle, a 1-brane is like a string, a 2-brane resembles a
membrane, and so on.
| " Like Flies stuck on fly paper - These are the days of our life" |
| Our 3D World and Us. |
| FIGURE 3 |
| Gravitons - Spirit/Mental Energy s. |
| " Most of us are blissfully unaware of the other dimensions that we share" |
| " The Electromagnet, weak and strong forces seem to be trapped within the 3 D brane, and are not aware of the extra dimension - thus maintaining their usual behavior" |
| Figure Four |
| Figure Four |
| Figure Four |
| Figure Four |