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WORM HOLES MAY LEAD TO TIME AND SPACE TRAVEL
May 27, 2002
Provided for by 'the Black Vault'
http://www.blackvault.com

Parallel writes "Quantum wormholes are smaller than protons and electrons, and provide a faster-than-light ride to the rest
of the Universe. Physicists believe they can open these tiny wormholes wide enough for people to pass through.

Sean Hayward at Ewha Womans University in Korea and Hisa-aki Shinkai at the Riken Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research in Japan are calculating what happens when something passes through a quantum wormhole.

According to a recent report in New Scientist, Hayward and Shinkai found that matter traveling through wormholes adds
positive energy and will collapse the wormhole into a black hole. Black holes exert such a strong gravitational pull that light
can't escape. However, an energy field called ghost radiation might make it possible for would-be travelers to enter a
wormhole without gravity crushing them to death.

Ghost radiation is a negative energy field that dampens normal positive energy, according to quantum theory. Ghost
radiation could be used to offset the positive energy from traveling matter, Hayward and Shinkai found. If the right amount
of ghost radiation is added, it should prevent the wormhole from collapsing when particles pass through. If more ghost
radiation is added, than the wormhole should widen enough for a person to pass through.

Take it one step further and add too much ghost radiation, and the wormhole explodes into a new universe that would
expand at the speed of light, according to Hayward and Shinkai. It would be a sensitive procedure and a mistake might
result in a big bang, similar to that which started our universe. So for now, space travel via wormhole is an experiment in
thought only.

New Scientist reports that the CERN Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland is expected to generate one mini-black hole
per second. These black holes are a potential source of wormholes and could give physicists opportunity to test the
passage of quantum-sized particles.

Sending a person through would be another thing. In order to open a wormhole wide enough for a person, it would require
an extremely large amount of ghost radiation. The amount would be equivalent to energy liberated by converting the mass of
Jupiter."
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SETI thinks there is life on Europa, Jupiters Moon
May 27,20002


Parallel writes "Compelling evidence for a liquid water ocean beneath its icy crust makes Jupiter's moon Europa
an attractive target for scientists seeking life in distant regions of our solar system. Recent work by Dr. Elisabetta
Pierazzo, currently at the Planetary Science Institute, and Dr. Christopher Chyba of the SETI Institute, sheds light
on the question of whether enough "biogenic elements," the raw ingredients for life, including carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and
phosphorus, could be present to support Europan life.
Because Europa's formation conditions are uncertain, scientists do not know the exact composition of the moon's ocean
and overlying ice. Some models suggest a Europa depleted of life-essential carbon and other important biogenic chemicals
at birth.
Pierazzo and Chyba explored comets as an alternate source for biogenic materials, applying complex modeling methods
to set the lower limits for a Europan inventory. In the May edition of the journal Icarus, Pierazzo and Chyba present a
paper that concludes the Europan inventory to be "substantial."
"We now know that enough of the right materials should have been present to support a Europan biosphere," says author
Chyba, who in addition to studying Europa, also oversees a broad spectrum of astrobiological research conducted at the
SETI Institute's Center for the Study of Life in the Universe.
"If these chemicals find their way into the ocean," said Pierazzo, "and if there exists a mechanism that could take them
through the formation of increasingly complex organic molecules, those elements could ultimately evolve into living cells."
In their model, Pierazzo and Chyba used typical cometary sizes, densities, and impact velocities throughout Solar System
history to calculate how much biogenic material would remain on the moon's surface after impact events. Unlike the more
massive Earth, which has a much higher escape velocity and can therefore retain a higher percentage of cometary impact
material, Europa has a very low escape velocity, thus losing a significant portion of material from any projectile that hits its
surface.
Earlier studies of cometary impacts on Earth and Mars by the authors suggested substantial amounts of prebiotic chemicals
including amino acids would have survived cometary impacts, especially at very low, grazing angles, and thus contributed to
the planets' inventories of complex organic materials.
While Europan models also predict significant post-impact survival rates for similar impacts, the low escape velocity of the
moon would allow the vast majority of this complex organic material to be lost; with the rest of the projectile material, it
would disappear in space.
Nevertheless, cometary impacts would provide billions of tons of carbon, and somewhat less nitrogen, sulfur and
phosphorus to the surface of Europa. These amounts are significant, and correspond to about 1% of the biomass of
prokaryotic life (cells lacking nuclei and believed to be representative of early life) in today's Earth oceans. Knowing that, at
a minimum, Europa has enough of the elements needed to sustain a biosphere offers further reason for scientists to feel
hopeful about the search for extraterrestrial life within our own solar system.
Dr. Chyba is the Carl Sagan Chairholder and Director of the Center for the Study of Life in the Universe at the
SETI Institute in Mountain View, California, and is also an Associate Professor of Geological and Environmental
Sciences at Stanford University in Stanford California. The SETI Institute, a private nonprofit organization dedicated to
scientific research, education and public outreach, seeks to explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and
prevalence of life in the universe.
Dr. Pierazzo is a research scientist at the Planetary Science Institute of Tucson Arizona where her work focuses on impact
cratering of planetary surfaces and their effects on the evolution of biospheres. "
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